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部分倒装

部分倒装范文第1篇

关键词:部分倒装;注意事项

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词或系动词be倒装至主语之前。如果句中没有谓语,就用助动词或情态动词。部分倒装是每年高考中热考的特殊句式之一,下面是高考中常考的部分倒装情况及应注意的问题。

一、主句倒装

1.以否定副词或否定意义的副词性结构放在句首时,主句要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely, hardly, little, seldom, never, rarely, scarcely, nowhere等以及in no way, by no means, in no case, under/in no circumstances, at no time, in no sense, on no account, no sooner, no more, no longer, not until等

【典例1】Little ______ that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business.(2007安徽卷)

A.he realized B.he didn’t realize

C.didn’t he realize D.did he realize

解析:little为否定副词放在句首,句子要部分倒装,正确选项为D。

【典例2】Not until he left his home _______ to know how important the family was for him.(2010江西卷)

A.did he begin B.had he begun

C.he began D.he has begun

解析:正确选项为A。本题中not until位于句首时,主句部分倒装。

注意:这里要遵循即“主倒从不倒”的原则,也即在复合句中,从句不用倒装的,只倒装主句,上述的否定性副词及包含否定意义的否定副词性结构所在的复合句中的主句部分倒装,比如not until置于句首时,until引导的从句不用倒装。此外,当not until在强调句中出现时,主句部分不倒装。比如,上述否定副词出现在强调句型中被强调时,不用倒装。

例:It was not until he went abroad that he knew the truth of the fact.

2.only加状语置于句首,句子部分倒装

【典例3】Only after they had discussed the matter for a few hours _______ a decision (2011湖南卷)

A.they reached B.did they reach

C.they reach D.do they reach

解析:答案为B选项。本题中only位于句首修饰状语从句after they had discussed the matter for a few hours时,主句部分倒装。

【典例4】It was announced that only when the fire was under control _____ to return to their homes.(2008江西卷)

A.the residents would be permitted

B.had the residents been permitted

C.would the residents be permitted

D.the residents had been permitted

注意:只有only置于句首修饰副词、介词短语、状语从句等副词性质的结构时,句子才倒装,并且若only修饰状语从句置于句首时也遵循“主倒从不倒”的原则,主句进行部分倒装。记住,若only修饰主语句子不倒装。

例:Only my parents care about me.

3.并列复合连词not only …but also…和neither…nor…连接两个并列部分时也会出现部分倒装。not only…but also…连接两个分句时,倒装not only分句,后句不用倒装,即“前倒后不倒”。neither…nor…连接两个分句时,两个都要部分倒装

【典例5】New technology was used in teaching.As a result,not only _______,but students became more interested in the lessons.(2009琼宁卷)

A.saved was teachers’energy

B.was teachers’energy saved

C.teachers’energy was saved

D.was saved teachers’energy

解析:答案为C选项。本题not only…but also…连接两个分句,只倒装not only分句,后句不用倒装,即“前倒后不倒”。

二、从句部分倒装

1.as、though引起的特殊倒装

让步状语从句由as(though)引导时,通常可将表语、动词原形(含情态动词或助动词)或副词放在句首,主谓不倒装。若表语是带冠词的名词,放在句首时,要省去冠词。其句型为:

A.表语(adj./n.)+as(though)+主+be

B.动词原形+as(though)+主+情态动词(助动词)

C.状语(adv.)+as(though)+主+谓+…

【典例6】Try ____ she might,Sue couldn’t get the door open.(2011全国卷I)

A.if B.when C.since D.as

解析:本题中动词Try位于句首,考查“谓语动词+as+主语+情态动词”的让步状语从句,所以要选D选项。

2.虚拟语气中的倒装

在虚拟语气中,如果if条件从句有系动词were或助动词should、had,可以把其置于句首,同时省去if。

如:If I had persuaded the little girl not to fill the thermos, she wouldn’t have been burnt badly.可改成:Had I persuaded the little girl not to fill the thermos, she wouldn’t have been burnt badly.

【典例7】Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy_____.(2010年浙江)

A.would have been saved

B.had been saved

C.will be saved

D.was saved

部分倒装范文第2篇

【关键词】倒装句 全部倒装 部分倒装 特殊句式

中图分类号:g4 文献标识码:a doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-0407.2013.10.050

英语的基本句型是主语+谓语。如果将主语与谓语调换, 称倒装句。倒装句分全倒装句和半倒装句。

一、全倒装

1.当here, there, out, in, up, down, over,away等副词放在句首时, 句子需全倒装:

there goes the bell! 铃响了!there lived an old man.

2.当:next to, inside, among, nearby, between, under, in front of, behind,等方位状语置句首时,句子全部倒装,如;in front of the house stopped a police car.

3.直接引语在句首, 这种情况可倒装也可不倒装。"what does it mean?" asked the boy或the boy asked.

4.表时间的now/then置句首时,而谓语动词又是come.go.begin时,则句子全倒。

例如:now comes your turn to recite the text.

5.such位于句首时,句子全部倒装。

例如:such are the results of the experiments.

二、半倒装: (即部分倒装)

1.当: little,never,not, no, hardly, rarely, seldom, nowhere,by no means, at no time, in no way, not until等表否定意义的词置句首时,句子部分倒装。例如:never shall i forget you.

2.几对并列连词如not only…but also, hardly… when等连接两个并列句, 连词在句首, 前句半倒装, 后句不倒装: no sooner had i got to the bus stop than the bus started.注:

①not only…but also连接两个并列主语时不倒装, 如:not only you but also i like playing chess.

②neither…nor在句首时, 前后两句都需倒装,neither do i have a sister nor does my husband.

3. only在句首强调状语, 主句半倒装:only then did i realize that i was wrong.

注意: only强调主语不倒装:only the teachers can use the room.

4.so…that句型, so在句首时, 主句倒装, that从句不倒装:so easy is it that a clild can learn it.

5.频度副词:seldom, often, always, never, many a time, well, now and again 等置句首时,句子部分倒装。例如:seldom do they watch tv duiring the day.

三、其他倒装句式

1.在“there be”结构里,there是引导词,主语在be后。

在“there+be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。如:live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等。e.g. there is a box on the table.

2.在虚拟结构中,条件从句的谓语含有were,had 和should这三个词是,可省去if,将这些词移至主语之前。e.g. had i time(= if i had time),i would go and help you.

3.重复倒装句型,用在以so,nor,neither开头,表示谓语所述的情况也适用于另一个人或一事物的肯定或否定句中。so用于肯定句,表示“也一样”“也这样”;nor,neither用于否定句,表示“同样也不,也不这样”。e.g. i am watching tv. so is she.

表示两人的同样一个情况时,只能表示一件事,即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。

否则要用so it is with…; his uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. so it is with his aunt.

4.as引导让步状语从句时要倒装(形容词/副词/名词/动词+ as+主语+谓语)。e.g. proud as they are,they are afraid to see me.

5.用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。e.g. may you succeed!

6.为了保持句子的平蘅或为了强调表语和状语,或使上下文紧密衔接,把它们放在句首用倒装句。该结构不需加助动词。east of the town lies a beautiful lake.

参考文献

[1]华东师范大学主编《中小学英语教学与研究》.

部分倒装范文第3篇

在英语中,句子的基本语序通常是主语在前,谓语在后。但有时出于语法和修辞上的需要,需要将谓语的全部或部分放到主语的前面,这就构成了倒装。

二、分类

倒装分为完全倒装(也叫全部倒装)和部分倒装。若整个谓语都在主语之前,称为完全倒装。若谓语的一部分(通常是助动词、情态动词或be动词)位于主语之前,称为部分倒装。

三、完全倒装的应用

(一)there+谓语+主语

there be 句型中,其中be可换作stand, lie, exist, seem, live, come, appear, happen, remain等动词,我们可称之为there be句型的变体。

eg. There stands an old temple on the top of the mountain.

There lies a river at the foot of the mountain.

There exist many problems among teenagers.

(二)副词+谓语+主语

满足以下三个条件可构成倒装: 1. 副词置于句首作状语。2. 谓语动词是be, come, go, follow, exist, remain等。 3. 句子主语必须为名词。

其中的副词可分为以下四类:

(1)表示地点的副词:here, there

(2)表示时间的副词:now, then

(3)表示方位的副词:in, out, up, above, over, down, back, away, off

eg. Here is my address of my new house.

There goes the bell for class.

Now comes your turn to recite the text.

Then came the order to set out.

In came a little girl, crying.

(三)介词短语+谓语+主语

满足以下三个条件可构成倒装:1. 表示地点的介词短语或作表语的介词短语位于句首。2. 谓语动词为不及物动词。3. 句子主语必须为名词。

eg. In front of the village runs a stream.

In the distance lies a bus.

Through the window came in the soft music.

Outside the school are many parents waiting for their children.

(四)形容词+ be +主语

作表语的形容词位于句首,句子构成全部倒装。

eg. Present at the meeting were some famous experts.

Happy were those who won the match.

(五)分词+ be+主语

作表语的现在分词或过去分词位于句首,句子构成全部倒装。

eg. Lying on the floor is a drunk.

Gone are the days when they lived a poor life.

(六)such + be + 主语

such位于句首,此处such 多被认为是表语,句子构成全部倒装。

eg. Such are the facts.

Such is our teacher, an ordinary but great person.

(七)long live + 主语

eg. Long live our friendship.

Long live the People’s Republic of China.

*完全倒装中应注意的几点:

1、无论是副词还是介词短语位于句首时,主语必须是名词时才构成倒装。若句子主语是代词,则句子不倒装。

eg. Here he comes.

Behind the door he stood.

2、以副词或介词短语位于句首构成的完全倒装句,通常用一般现在时,而不用现在进行时。

eg. Look! There comes a bus. (正确)

Look! There is coming a bus. (错误)

3、在完全倒装句中,谓语动词的选择与后面主语的单复数保持一致。

eg. There appears to be a man in the distance.

There seem to be many people in the distance.

四、部分倒装的应用

(一)否定或半否定意义的词、短语 + 助动词 + 主谓结构

否定或半否定意义的词、短语位于句首需要部分倒装。这些词可分为以下几类去记忆:

(1)not, no, never, little, few, seldom, rarely, hardly

(2)not 构成的短语:not a moment, not a word, not a single mistake…

(3)no构成的短语:no longer, no more, at no time, in no case, in no circumstances, in no condition, by no means

(4)no 构成的合成代词或副词:nothing, nobody, nowhere

eg. Never shall I forget the day when I joined the Party.

Little did he know the fact.

Hardly could I believe my own eyes.

Not a word did he say.

No longer will he stay with his parents.

By no means shall I give up.

Nowhere will you find such a good place.

(二)否定词位于句首的几个特殊句型

(1) Not only…, but (also)… 前一个分句用部分倒装,而后一个分句不倒装。

eg. Not only do students come to school early every day, but (also) the teachers do.

(2) Hardly/Scarcely/Barely … when… 和 No sooner … than…(译为:一…就…) 主句的谓语动词用部分倒装,且主句中的谓语动词多用过去完成时,when和than 引导的从句不倒装。

eg. Hardly had I gone out when a friend of mine came to visit me.

No sooner had I gone out than it began to rain.

(3) Neither … nor …引导两个并列分句,两个分句都要倒装。

eg. Neither did he write to me nor did he telephone me last month.

(4)Not until … 句型

eg. Not until she left her home did she realize how important the family was.

(三)So + 形容词/副词 + 助动词 + 主谓结构 + that …

Such + 名词+ 助动词 + 主谓结构 + that …

so + 形容词/副词,such + 名词位于句首时,主句的谓语动词用部分倒装,从句不倒装。

eg. So busy is he that he has no time to attend the meeting.

So fast does he speak that nobody can follow him.

Such a fine day is it that I decided to go fishing.

(四)Only + 副词/介词短语/状语从句 + 助动词 + 主谓结构

当only 位于句首修饰副词、介词短语、状语从句时,句子用全部倒装。

eg. Only then did I know the importance of English.

Only in this way can you learn English well.

Only when the war was over was he able to go back to his hometown.

Only if you ask many questions will you get all the information you need.

(五) so/neither/nor + 助动词 +主谓结构

so,neither,nor 位于后一分句句首需部分倒装(译为:… 也如此;…也不这样)

eg. I like football, so does my brother.

I didn’t see the film yesterday, nor/neither did my brother.

(六)在虚拟条件句中,如果从句中含有were, should, had, 则省略if, 把were, should, had 置于句首。

eg. Were I you, I would apply for this post.

Should it snow, I would not go outside.

Had he taken my advice, he would have passed the exam.

(七) as引导的让步状语从句,把从句中作表语的名词、形容词,作状语的副词或谓语动词的一部分位于句首。

eg. Child as he is, he knows much.

Hard as he studied, he didn’t pass the exam.

Try as he might, he didn’t pass the exam.

(八)以what, how开头的感叹句中,通常将表语、宾语提前。

eg. What a lovely girl she is.

How beautiful these flowers are.

What a simple life he lived.

*部分倒装中应注意的几点:

1. 不定代词作主语时句子不倒装。

eg. Nobody knows the news.

Nothing can make me change my mind.

2. few, little只有作副词时位于句首才倒装,如果它们作主语或修饰主语时,则用正常语序。

eg. Few students are in the classroom after class.

Little water is left in the glass.

3. 否定词no修饰主语时句子不倒装。

eg. No students is allowed into the lab without permission.

No one can settle the problem at once.

4. Only 位于句首修饰主语时不倒装。

eg. Only Tom knows the secret.

5. Not only …, but (also) … 连接两个并列主语时不倒装。

eg. Not only you but also I will attend the meeting.

6. Neither … nor … 连接两个并列主语时不倒装。

eg. Neither you nor I like this film.

7. not until 用在强调句中则句子不倒装。

eg. It was not until then that he realized his fault.

8. 在虚拟条件句中,如果从句中含有 had 则省略if, 把had提前,但若had是实意动词则不能倒装。

eg. If I had time, I would visit you.

9. as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装, though引导的可倒可不倒,although引导的不倒装。

eg. Tired as he was, he continued his experiment.

= Tired though he was, he continued his experiment.

=Though he was tired, he continued his experiment.

=Although he was tired, he continued his experiment.

10. 如果表示对前面所述内容的肯定,句子不用倒装。(译为:的确如此)

eg. ---He is handsome.

---So he is.

部分倒装范文第4篇

一、全部倒装

1. 用于there be句型。除be以外,能与 there 连用的动词还有 seem, exist, happen, appear, live ,stand 等。注意谓语动词的单复数取决于真正的主语。如:

There are many students in the classroom.

Once there lived a king who was cruel to his people.

2. 用于“here (there, now, then, out, in, up, down, away)+不及物动词+主语的句型中,表示强调.

Now comes our turn.

Out went the children.

连线考题:John opened the door. There _____ he had never seen before.

A. a girl did stand B. a girl stood

C. did a girl stand D. stood a girl

解析:D 注意这是全部倒装

注意:代词做主语时, 主谓语序不变.

In he comes.

Here you are.

3. 当句首状语是表示地点或方位的介词词组时,也常引起全部倒装。

From the valley came a frightening sound.

连线考题:At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River______, one of the ten largest cities in China.

A. lies Chongqing B. Chongqing lies

C. does lie Chongqing D. does Chongqing lie

答案:A

4. 表语置于句首时, 倒装结构采用“表语(形容词 /过去分词 /介词短语+系动词be+主语”的结构

Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.

Gone are the days when they could do what they liked.

二、部分倒装

1. only 位于句首+状语 / 状语从句+部分倒装(注意状语从句不倒装)

Only in this way can you learn English well.

连线考题:Only when _________ how important it is to master English.

A. did I work I realized B. I worked did I realize

C. did I work did I realize D. I worked I realized

解析: when I worked 为状语从句,不倒装。故答案B.

2. not until 放在句首 + 状语 / 状语从句 + 部分倒装 (注意状语从句不倒装)

Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.

3. 在 so / such…that…的结构中,若so / such 置于句首,则so后的句子部分倒装,但要注意that后的从句不倒装。

So difficult a problem is it that I can’t work it out.

Such a noble person is he that people all respect him.

切记:1. 2. 3.中不直接加部分倒装

4. 用于no sooner… than…, hardly… when… 和scarcely...when…的句型中。

句型: No sooner had sb. done sth. than sb. did sth. Hardly / Scarcely had sb. done sth. when sb. did sth.

Hardly had she gone out when the class began.

连线考题:No sooner ____ his talk than he ___ by the workers.

A. he finished; surrounded all B. did he finish; did surround

C. had he finished; was surrounded D. after he finished; was surrounded

部分倒装范文第5篇

关键词: 中国英语学习者 否定倒装句 习得 顺摄抑制

1.引言

1.1否定倒装的含义

英语中谓语动词位于之前,这种语序称为倒装语序,而操作词(句中第一个或者唯一一个情态或助动词)位于主句之前称之为部分倒装,这种倒装分为wh倒装和否定倒装。否定倒装是否定词或否定词组位于句首的一种倒装形式(袁懋梓,2000)。

1.2否定倒装的习得难点

否定倒装是英语相对于汉语独有的一种句型,因为情态动词是英语相对于汉语中独有的,由于汉语没有情态动词,自然也不存在类似英语的否定倒装结构。Freeman(2000)列举出的习得难度层次(hierarchy of difficulty),认为第二语言中出现而第一语言中没有的结构在习得难度排名中位列第二,而最容易习得的结构是一语和二语中结构和功能都相吻合的结构,最难习得的是第一语言中的一种表达在第二语言中有两个或者多个表达与之对应。总而言之,两种语言之间差异越大的结构越难以被习得。

下面列举三个否定倒装的句子来对否定倒装结构的习得难点做进一步分析。

A1:I can not speak English,but also Japanese.

我不仅能说英语,也能说日语。

A2:Not only can I speak English ,but also Japanese.

不仅我能说英语,也能说日语。

B1:China will first use nuclear weapon at no time.

中国将会首先使用核武器在没有时候。

地道汉语表达:在任何时候中国都不会首先使用核武器。

B2:At no time will Chinese first use nuclear weapon.

在没有时候将要中国首先使用核武器。

地道汉语表达:在任何时候中国都不会首先使用核武器。此句汉语无对应倒装表达。

C1:I did not go to bed until Father came back.

我没有睡觉直到父亲回来。

地道汉语表达:直到父亲回来我才睡觉。

C2:Not until Father came back did I go to bed.

没有直到父亲回来我才睡觉。

地道汉语表达:直到父亲回来我才睡觉。此句汉语无对应倒装表达。

对于以上三组句子,从A组到C组,每组句子和对应的汉语表达的相似性越来越小,差异越来越大,这就越容易造成第一语言对第二语言的干扰。Ellis(1985)指出,当一语和二语意思相同而表达上存在差异的时候,学习者会将第一语言的某些特征迁移到第二语言中去,而这种迁移,往往都是负迁移,容易造成习得中的错误。

1.3文献综述

对于倒装句结构,一般是从句法学的角度上来研究,比如Sobin(2003),Haegeman(2003);或是从语用学的角度上来研究,比如杨壮春(2003)对倒装句的认知和语用讨论,苏丽英(2008)认为倒装句的语用功能是让语言的意思更加连贯,表达的主要信息更加清晰,句子结构更加平衡;又或者是探讨倒装与前置和后置的区别,如陈少琼(2007)。

目前国内对于句法习得的研究,一般是集中在存在句(朱武汉,2007)、关系分句(王改燕,2007;戴曼纯,2006、2007),几乎没有从实证的角度来探讨中国学生对于倒装句特别是否定倒装结构的习得情况。

2.本研究所探讨的问题

前文提到的三组句子与表达相同意思的汉语在句子结构上的差异是逐渐增大的,这是否意味着习得难度越来越大?造成这些难度的原因又是什么?本研究旨在回答这两个问题。

3.研究方法

3.1受试对象

本研究的受试对象按照英语水平选取了50位受试对象为国内二类高校大一新生,英语高考成绩为100分,其中男生10人,女生40人。

3.2测量工具

测量工具包括两部分题目,每部分15小题。第一部分要求受试对象将正常语序的陈述句改为否定倒装句,第二部分要求受试对象将汉语句子翻译成英语句子,尽量使用否定倒装结构。这些句子均来自于张振邦编著的《新编英语语法教程》中的练习和2006年改革以前的CET词汇与结构部分的句子。

3.3实验过程及数据收集

三个组的受试对象在2011年4月1日早上同时接受测试,时间为一小时。在测试过程中,出现了不认识的生单词,允许考生查字典。所收试卷由我一人批阅。每一道题,只要正确使用了否定倒装结构即给一分。拼写、时态、名词单复数等错误不扣分。但主语和操作词顺序颠倒等涉及倒装本身的错误,以及翻译时未用倒装结构等不给分。所得数据由SPSS做数据分析。

4.数据分析与讨论

4.1三类倒装方差分析结果

由上述表格看出,所有的P值都小于0.05,这说明三种类型的否定倒装句的习得都出现了显著性差异,且第三类的习得难度大于第一类和第二类,第二类的习得难度大于第一类,第一类最容易习得。

4.2讨论

第一类倒装句所有受试对象都习得较好,得分较高,只有少数人在改写的时候将操作词与主语交换位置。第二类倒装句的主要错误在于负迁移,即受试对象将汉语中的某些特征迁移到第二语言中从而造成错误(Ellis,1985)。比如将“在任何情况下我都不会和你争论。”译作:“Whenever in no case will I argue with you.”或“In any case will I not argue with you.”这说明,受试者将汉语逐字逐句地译成英文而没有考虑两种语言之间的差异。对于第三类倒装,受试者的错误在于“回避”,即当第二语言中的某些结构对于学习者表达较为困难的时候,学习者会选择自己会的或较为简单的结构来表达相同的意思(Ellis,1985)。比如:“当他意识到前面有个陷阱的时候已经太晚了。”几乎所有学生都用的时间状语从句来翻译,很少有人说:“Not until it was too late did I realize a trap in front.”第一类错误中也有部分学生将 “一……就……”译作as soon as而不是“hardly...when....”结构。

对于学习者在习得中所犯的上述错误,主要原因在于顺摄抑制,即先学习的知识对于后学习的知识的干扰,回避和负迁移错误都可归结于此。首先,相对于英语,汉语是先习得的语言,英语是后习得的语言,考生在翻译句子的时候,将“在任何情况下……都不”译作“Whenever in no case”或是“In any case will I not”都是将汉语逐字逐句译作英语,这说明汉语对学习者的英语产生了极大的干扰。其次,对于第三类倒装句,学习者没有采用难度较大的否定倒装结构,而采用自己较为熟悉的时间状语从句或者其他结构,这说明学习者先习得的句子结构对后习得的否定倒装结构产生了干扰。

5.结论

从以上分析可以看出,学习者对于否定倒装结构的习得难度大小,取决于这种结构与汉语差异的大小,与汉语差异越大,习得难度就越大。学习者在语言输出的过程中所犯的错误主要是由于“顺摄抑制”,其表现是汉语和先前学到的英语知识对否定倒装结构产生了负迁移式的干扰。

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