初中学生学习英语,在初一的时侯,往往兴趣很浓,成绩也不错,可是随着词汇量增加及语法项目的增多。渐渐地失去了对英语的兴趣。一个很重要的原因就是过不了词汇关。本文根据笔者多年的教学经验,就怎样教词汇,谈些看法。

词汇教学应采用"全方位教学法"(注:这是笔者自己给这一方法取的名),即在教学一个词时,应尽可能多地将该词与学生已有的旧知识建立起各种联系。这种方法特别适用于有了一定的词汇量之后的词汇教学及词汇总复习。

词汇教学,首先,应从词的拼写即词形着手,看看该词是有哪些字母或字母组合组成的,是否跟以前学过的单词有相似之处?有何特点可帮助记忆,同时,应跟音标建立起对应关系,注意哪些字母及字母组合不发音,如:hour中h不发音,climb中的b不发音等;有哪些字母及字母组合发音符合读音规则,哪些比较特殊,还应注意是否有同音词,在初中英语中同音词有三十多对(见附录1),当然,还应区分音似词(见附录2)及形似词(见附录3)。

第二,应注意一词多义现象,一个单词用在不同的场合有不同的含义,如:by一词可作"在......旁"、"乘(车、船等)"、"不迟于"、"被,由"等解释。

第三,应了解词性,尤其是兼类词,如:neither一词可作连词、代词、形容词和副词,因为从词性可以掌握词在句中的功能,这一点跟汉语有许多相似之处,如:动词作谓语,副词作状语等。

第四,应跟反义词(见附录4)、同(近)义词(见附录5)联系起来,应讲清近义词之间的细微差别,尽可能地用英语解释英语,其中旧版第五、六册练习中有一百多个,可借鉴,平时,老师也应多帮助学生积累英语释义。也可通过查双解词典得到英语释义。

第五,教词汇时,应让学生掌握一些与该词有关的常见搭配,还应教一些重点句型及语言适用的情景。让学生记住。如：hadbetter(not)＋动词原形；Therebe+主语；Excuseme,couldyoutellmehowIcangetto...?等。

第六,教词汇,还应让学生掌握各类词的词形变化,关于这一点,我想分成几点来讲。

1.教名词时,首先应注意该词是可数名词还是不可数名词,特别是一些容易混淆的词，如：bread,paper（纸）等，由于受汉语影响，学生们往往误认为可数名词。若是可数名词则应注意复数形式。若遇到不规则的,应让学生死记硬背。如下面的内容应让学生记住：

考试频度较高的名词复数形式小结

1.childchildren2.manmen3.womanwomen

4.policemanpolicemen5.EnglishmanEnglishmen

6.FrenchmanFrenchmen7.footfeet8.toothteeth

9.sheepsheep10.JapaneseJapanese11.ChineseChinese

12.knifeknives13.wifewives14.lifelives

15.shelfshelves16.halfhalves17.leafleaves

18.tomatotomatoes19.potatopotatoes20.zoozoos

21.radioradios22.kilokilos

2.教动词,应注意第三人称单数形式,现在分词,过去式及过去分词。若遇到不规则动词,应让学生看看它的变化是否跟其它不规则动词变化有共同之处。如：可以归纳为AAA形、ABB形等。

3.教形容词,副词要注意比较级及最高级形式。如遇到不规则的,应让学生死记硬背。归纳如下：

不规则形容词和副词的比较等级

原级比较级最高级

1.good(well)betterbest

2.bad(badly,ill)worseworst

3.many(much)moremost

4.littlelessleast

5.farfarther(further)farthest(furthest)

6.oldolder(elder)oldest(eldest)

4.教数词,应注意基数词与序数词的转换。特别应注意first,second,third,fifth,twelfth,ninth,fortieth等词。

5.教代词时,不管遇到下面的哪一种形式,即,人称代词的主格、宾格;形容词性的物主代词、名词性的物主代词;反身代词,就应让学生讲出其它各种形式。如下表:

人称代词,物主代词,反身代词一览表

I

me

my

mine

myself

you

you

your

yours

yourself

he

him

his

his

himself

she

her

her

hers

herself

it

it

its

its

itself

we

us

our

ours

ourselves

you

you

your

yours

yourselves

they

them

their

theirs

themselves

并告诉学生,形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词虽然汉语意义一样,但英语中使用时应注意,在形容词性物主代词后必须加名词才能使用,而名词性物主代词则单独可以使用。

6.教国家的名称时，可同时教民族、语言名称。如：

countrypeoplelanguage

1.ChinaChineseChinese

2.JapanJapaneseJapanese

3.AmericaAmericanEnglish

4.AustraliaAustralianEnglish

5.FranceFrenchFrench

6.EnglandEnglishmanEnglish

7.GermanyGermanGerman

8.RussianRussian

9.CanadaCanadian

7.另外,还应让学生们注意,该词是否可通过加前缀或后缀的方法变成另一个单词,如:luck加y变成形容词lucky,而lucky把y变成i再加ly就变为副词luckily,又如:happy前面加un变为否定意义。（详见附录6）或者是否能与其它的词合成新词。如：class与room合成为classroom等。

总之,我们在教词汇时,应千方百计地启发学生充分发挥各种联想,以便在学生脑中建立起多种联系,达到促进记忆的目的。从本人十多年的运用情况来看,效果是比较好的。文中难免有不周之处，敬请同行指正。

附录1

义教版同音词小结

one--wonway--weighI--eye

son--sunmeat--meetright--write

for--foursea--seeroad--rode

father--fartherhole--wholeno--know

here--hearwear--wherenew--knew

our--hourthere--theirweather--whether

past--passedours--hoursah--are

aren''''t--auntate--eightwho''''s--whose

blue--blewby-bye--buyhi--high

pear-pairknows--noseread--red

sew--soto--too--twothrew--through

wood--wouldblue-blewweak--week

its--it''''s

附录2

义教版读音易混淆的词小结

1.meat,metre2.head,hand3.hard,heart

4.nose,noise,nurse5.slow,snow6.show,sure,shall

7.wood,word,world8.much,March,match9.work,walk

10.thin,thing11.think,thank12.big,pig

13.bed,bad14.horse,house15.light,right,night

16.mouth,month17.great,grade18.hear,hair

19.full,fall20.for,fall21.sing,thing

22.quiet,quite23.no,now24.leaf,leave

25.wash,wish26.then,than27.what,water

28.crowd,cloud29.low,row30.back,bag

31.beat,better32.bike,back33.box,books

34.class,glass35.clothes,closes36.dead,dad

37.grass,glass38.lesson,listen39.parent,present

40.same,some41.long,wrong42.since,sings,things

43.forty,fourteen44.cheap,jeep45.blown,brown

46.lend,land47.police,please48.count,can''''t

49.living,leaving50.side,said51.kite,Kate

52.join,John53.Mary,merry54.along,alone

55.ice,eyes56.wait,white,wet57.cap,cup

58.black,break59.shoe,sure60.will,well

61.ran,rang62.ship,sheep63.sang,sung,song

64.slow,throw65.run,rung66.lock,rock,luck

67.goal,girl68.live,leave

附录3

义教版拼写易混词小结

1.whetherweather2.presentparent

3.formfrom4.monthmouth

5.quitequiet6.agoage

7.watchmatch8.fatherfarther

9.shirtskirt10.strangestrong

11.thenthan12.tiredtried

13.broughtbought14.weekweak

15.samesome16.feltfell

17.househorse18.plantplane

19.cleanclear20.evenever

21.hathate22.sandsend

附录4

义教版反义词(对应词)小结

1.big---small2.black---white

3.buy---sell4.cheap---dear(expensive)

5.close---open6.closed---open

e---go8.different---same

9.leave---stay10.early---late

11.easy---hard12.empty---full

13.give---take14.heavy---light

15.little---much16.new---old

17.puton---takeoff18.right---wrong

19.sit---stand20.down---up

21.sitdown---standup22.here---there

23.this---that24.these---those

25.from---to26.few--many

27.after--before28.always--never

29.atfirst--atlast30.answer--ask(qestion)

31.back--front32.bad--good

33.atnight--inthedaytime34.different--same

35.beout--bein36.above--below

37.best--worst38.better--worse

39.bring--take40.busy--free

41.cold--hot42.cool--warm

43.cry--laugh44.dangerous--safe

45.dry--wet46.far--near

47.fat--thin48.finish--begin(start)

49.full--hungry(empty)50.happy--sad

51.ill--well52.inside--outside

53.into--outof54.last--first

55.learn--teach56.less--more

57.left--right58.long--short

59.no--yes60.part--all(whole)

61.poor--rich62.pull--push

63.puton--takeoff64.quick--slow

65.short--tall66.thin--thick

67.tonight--today68.like--unlike

69.yesterday--tomorrow70.work--rest

71.move--stay72.behind--infrontof

73.lose--win74.wakeup--gotosleep

75.weak--strong76.dark--light

附录5

义教版同(近)义词小结

1.almost---nearly2.aloud---loud

3.true-real4.anybody----anyone

5.whether-if6.trouble---worry

7.sure---certain8.bright---clever

9.space-room10.difficult---hard

11.enjoy---like12.maybe---perhaps

13.nobody---none14.except---but

15.start---begin16.helpful---useful

17.job---work18.several---afew

19.shout---cry20.quick---fast

21.small---little22.too---also

23.large---big24.problem---question

25.game---match26.certainly---ofcourse

27.glad---happy28.byair---byplane

29.learn---study30.haveto---must

31.high---tall32.lose---miss

33.ill---sick34.atonce---rightnow

35.quite---very36.every---each

37.begoodat---dowellin38.atlast---intheend

39.haveacold---catchacold

40.enjoyoneself---haveagoodtime

41.lookafter---takecareof

42.becareful---takecare,lookout

43.reach---getto,arriveat(in)

附录6

派生词

一、n.---->adj.

1.sunsunny2.rainrainy

3.cloudcloudy4.windwindy

5.noisenoisy6.lucklucky

7.healthhealthy8.carecareful

9.useuseful10.helphelpful

11.thankthankful12.wonderwonderful

13.friendfriendly14.differencedifferent

15.foolfoolish16.sleepasleep

17.dangerdangerous18.southsouthern

19.northnorthern20.woolwoolen

21.deathdead

二、v.---->adj.

1.interestinteresting2.pleasepleased(pleasant)

3.worryworried4.savesafe

5.forgetforgetful6.enjoyenjoyable

7.fillfull8.diedead

三、v.---->n.

1.drivedriver2.farmfarmer

3.winwinner4.runrunner

5.playplayer6.singsinger

7.waitwaiter8.workworker

9.teachteacher10.readreader

11.writewriter12.foreignforeigner

13.villagevillager14.speakspeaker

15.keepkeeper16.thinkthinker

17.cleancleaner18.visitvisitor

19.inventinventor20.traveltraveller

21.jumpjumper22.inventinvention

23.operateoperation24.livelife

25.diedeath

四、adj.--->adv.

1.angryangrily2.badbadly

3.beautifulbeautifully4.carefulcarefully

5.certaincertainly6.easyeasily

7.finalfinally8.happyhappily

9.loudloudly10.politepolitely

11.quickquickly12.quietquietly

13.realreally14.slowslowly

15.suddensuddenly16.truetruly

17.usualusually18.luckyluckily

19.heavyheavily20.healthyhealthily

21.noisynoisily22.widewidely

23.terribleterribly24.strongstrongly

25.brightbrightly26.clearclearly

27.kindkindly28.safesafely

29.nearnearly30.possiblepossibly

31.fullfully

五、肯定---否定

1.happyunhappy2.trueuntrue

3.usualunusual4.likeunlike