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SEASCRAPER的诞生,得益于每年一度的eVolo全球摩天大楼设计大赛,2009年,加拿大卑斯省Zigloo工作室设计的“环流”(The Gyre)成为当年的惊艳之作,这个直径一公里、深入海面以下400米、能容纳2000人居住的摩海大楼,有四个展开的手臂漂浮在海面,制造一个安全的港湾,中间是建筑主体,矛尖一般深入海底。
“环流”的中心主体最顶最宽阔层达三万平方米,层层缩窄,最深处有600平方米。在露出海面的十字形手臂部分有风力发电设备和太阳能板,同时有雨水收集设施。在中心主体内有洋流发电装置,完全达到零排放循环能源。它的设计初衷是提供一个更为贴近海洋的科研和旅游场所,里面有商店、餐馆和花园——从高度上来看,这是一整座没入海面的帝国大厦。
在“环流”之后,最为著名的“摩海大楼”仍然来自eVolo大赛,2010年马来西亚设计师Sarly Adre bin Sarkum拿出了名为“ H2O+ scraper”的作品,相比“环流”的未来感,H2O +的灵感更多来自“漂浮岛”,露出海面的圆形部分是一片森林,包围着风力和太阳能发电设备,熟悉东方的人想必看一眼便会脱口而出“天人合一”之类的词儿。
它的名字并非简单是“水”的化学式那么简单,“O”表示零排放和零污染,而“+”表示它还能自己产出食物——它露出海面的森林能够种植蔬菜并养殖禽畜,动物的排泄还能转换为沼气。海面以下部分像一个巨大的章鱼,有数十根仿生材质构造的触手,触手会发出生物光,吸引海洋生物定居,实现自给自足。这些触手能通过浮动来保持整体建筑的平衡,原理就跟广州塔顶的两个大铁球一样。同时,随潮汐摆动产生的动能也可以为内部提供能源。
2011年,有设计师开始将目光投向了退役的海上钻井平台,他们在平台上架起又尖又高的管道,与输油管道连通,利用给鱼缸换水的简单虹吸原理,让海水自己涌上来,这股动能可以为整个平台提供能源,然后被存储起来净化为淡水。巨大的勘探钻头被改装成了深海实验室。这样的设计并不能使其成为一个单独的大厦或城市,但显然是其他“摩海大楼”的必备配套品。
“29号”医院的广播响起这叫声,这位老人拄着拐杖一摇一摆地走了进去。那位医生看了看那病人的牌子:29号,地球。医生不禁大吃一惊,说:“你不就是那美丽的蓝色星球——地球吗?”老人听了医生的疑问后,哭泣着跟医生说:“我本是以蓝色海洋、绿色森林和有着智慧的人类引以为荣的地球。”“那为什麽……”“但是我这样丑陋无比的相貌竟是那些聪明的人类的杰作。”
那位病人的眼泪一滴一滴往下掉,接着述苦:“那些人类疯狂地挖我独有的资源,我的身体便遭殃了。他们排放出大量废气来破坏保护层——臭氧层,使太阳哥哥烧得我浑身是伤。现在我的体面大部分都沙漠化了,我的身体堆成了许多二氧化碳,树木被人类乱砍伐,海水变成奇丑无比,臭气熏天。工厂里的烟管兴奋地喷出黑烟,使我遍体鳞伤。”
医生听后,对他说:“你的病是可以治好的,只要人类肯合作。”然后对症下药,在纸上写上三句话:不能乱砍树木,要植树造林。要将垃圾扔到垃圾箱,不要把垃圾丢在湖或海。有计划开采地球资源,不要浪费。
聪明的人类,你能做到吗?
Many people agree that chocolate is good for the soul, and researchers are finding that chocolate can be good for the body, too. But the environment? How could chocolate help with global climate change?
The answer is found in a little piece of 1)paradise, a patch of rainforest in eastern Brazil. Everywhere you look, something is growing. 2)Orchids 3)nestle in the 4)crooks of trees. There are hundreds of shades of green, and the forest is loud with birds and insects.
Some areas have been thinned-out and planted with 5)cacao trees the source of chocolate. The 6)pods
contain the magical beans that 7)Aztecs counted like gold. The 8)cultivated cacao trees grow just a bit higher than a man can reach, and rainforest trees tower over them like something out of Dr. Seuss注1 some round like
9)lollipops, some flat like a plate.
And here’s the climate connection. Rainforest trees and plants store massive amounts of carbon keeping it from getting into the air as 10)carbon dioxide.
Can Chocolate Help Save the Rainforest?
There’s a lot less rainforest than there once was. There used to be 330 million acres of rainforest in eastern Brazil, called the Mata Atlantica注2. Settlers arrived hundreds of years ago and began destroying the forest for the wood, and to create fields for 11)pasture and crops. Only 7% of the Mata Atlantica remains, and destruction is still going on. Every time a tree is burned, its stored carbon is released. As more carbon is released into the air, the planet gets warmer.
That worries Dario Ahnert, a plant expert at the State University of Santa Cruz in Eastern Brazil. He says farmers need an 12)incentive to save the remaining forest, and he hopes chocolate will be that incentive.
Chocolate used to be a huge industry here, but in the past two decades, plant disease and low prices in the world market for cocoa beans 13)devastated the industry. Farmers turned to other ways of making a living, including
14)logging trees or burning the forest for farmland or pasture. When the nutrients in the soil were used up, the land was 15)abandoned.
Ahnert wants to persuade farmers to return to chocolate farming and preserve the forest. His friend, Joao Tavares, shows it can be done.
Cabruca Farming
Joao Tavares is a fourth-generation cocoa producer. Tavares, along with his brother and father, has 2,200 acres of rainforest planted with cacao trees. They grow cocoa using a method called cabruca cutting down just a few of the tall rainforest trees, and planting the
mid-height cacao trees 16)underneath.
Inside Tavares’ cabruca forest, the ground is covered in a thick layer of 17)composting leaves. It’s 18)moist, shady and cool here in the cabruca. Football-shaped pods 19)striped in yellow and green and orange and brown 20)jut out from the trunks and branches of the cacao trees.
Tavares has worked hard to maintain, and also to restore, his little piece of the rainforest. He says that in the past 10 years, he has planted many wild trees.
“We understand that we have to preserve the cabruca,” Tavares says, “even if you have less production.”
He gets fewer cacao trees to the acre by planting inside the forest. But he avoids the 21)drawbacks other farmers struggle with when they grow cacao trees on more open land.
“You have more production, but you have lots of problems,” Tavares explains. “You have more disease, more insects, so we decide to preserve.”
There’s also an expanding market for environ-
mentally friendly chocolate. Tavares has been able to get a 22)premium for some of his crop.
Carbon Credits for Farmers?
Still, his friend, professor Ahnert,
admits that cabruca is a tough sell:
Farmers want more so-called modern
approaches and quicker money. That’s
why Ahnert hopes that cabruca can
become part of the carbon credit注3 market. Farmers would then get money for preserving forest trees, as well as for their chocolate.
“You could increase the income, so I hope some day people that maintain this area are able to get carbon credits,” Ahnert says.
The World Agroforestry Center注4 and the
chocolate manufacturer Mars Inc. 注5 are currently
studying how carbon storage can be measured on
cabruca-like farms, and whether a carbon credit system would help farmers and the environment.
Reviving the Land Through Chocolate
And there’s an even more 23)ambitious idea out there. Howard Shapiro, chief 24)agronomist at Mars, hopes that chocolate could even bring back a little of the forest paradise that’s been lost, and he’s doing tests with local scientists at Brazil’s national chocolate research institute.
After the forest disappeared, the soil became hard and 25)compact, like yellow 26)cement. Only weeds grew in it. Shapiro and his colleagues asked local
farmers what sort of plants they would like, both 27)in the long run and while they wait for the soil to become rich enough to support cacao trees.
“What we decided to do was, we would begin with annual crops,” Shapiro explains. “Corn, beans things that have a cash crop value 28)melons, 29)squashes, and begin to establish bananas for shade, then start to plant cacao.”
They also planted rubber trees, and heliconium flowers. The first plants went in seven years ago. Now it’s easy to grab a handful of soil. It’s dark brown, moist and 30)crumbly, like devil’s food cake注6 with worms. But the worms are good for the soil.
“See all the little flowers on this tree?” Shapiro asks, pointing to a cacao tree. “All those little pink buds. … It’s healthy. These trees are healthy.”
Shapiro wants to work out the details, but he’s ready to say the project is a success. “We learned that you could take totally abandoned land, and you could restore it to 31)profitability after about three years,” he says.
So, will preserving, and even replanting, some of this forest in eastern Brazil fix the Earth’s climate problem? No. But in this little corner of the world, it may help. And at least we’ll have more chocolate.
很多人都赞成巧克力是裨益心灵的佳品。研究人员也发现,巧克力对身体好处多多。可是对环境呢?巧克力如何改善全球气候变化呢?
我们在一方小小的人间天堂――巴西东部的一片热带雨林里找到了答案。在这里,你目光所及之处皆有生物生长。兰花娇弱地依偎在弯曲的树木枝干上。这里有成百上千片绿荫,雨林里鸟鸣虫叫,充满了生命的喧闹声。
一些地方的雨林已渐稀疏,种上了可可树――巧克力的原料。荚果中含有被阿兹特克人视为“黄金”的神奇可可豆。这里种植的可可树只比成人可以触及之处稍高。而雨林树木高耸入天,使之相形见绌。就像苏伊斯博士书中的情景――有的圆似棒棒糖,有的平似
大盘子。
这就显现出热带雨林和气候的联系。热带雨林的树木和植物存储了大量的碳元素,可以阻止它们散逸到大气里变成二氧化碳。
巧克力有助拯救热带雨林?
现存的热带雨林比过去要少得多。过去,巴西东部的热带雨林面积曾达三亿三千万英亩,被称为(巴西)大西洋沿海森林区。几百年前,定居者到来,开始破坏雨林。他们砍伐树木,开辟田地用于放牧和种植庄稼。此区只有7%的热带雨林存活下来,而破坏仍在继续。每当树木被焚毁,它所储存的碳元素就会被释放出来。越多的碳元素被释放到大气中,地球的温室效应越趋恶化。
这一现象引起了巴西东部圣克鲁斯州立大学的植物专家达里奥・阿奈特的担忧。他说农民需要一种激励机制,以鼓励他们拯救仅存的雨林。他希望巧克力可以成为这种激励因素。
这里曾经有过庞大的巧克力产业,然而,在过去的二十年里,植物病害和世界市场上可可豆的低廉价格摧毁了这个产业。农民们转而寻求其它谋生手段,包括伐木或焚烧雨林用作农田放牧等。当一块土地里的营养被(庄稼)吸收殆尽,它就会被弃之不用。
阿奈特希望说服农民们回归巧克力种植业,以保护热带雨林。通过其朋友裘奥・塔瓦热斯的验证,这种策略是切实可行的。
Cabruca式种植
裘奥・塔瓦热斯家祖传四代都从事可可种植业。塔瓦热斯连同其父兄一共拥有2200英亩种有可可树的热带雨林。他们使用一种叫做cabruca的方法种可可,即只砍掉几棵高大的热带雨林树木,在它们的树冠下种植中等高度的可可树。
在塔瓦热斯的cabruca式雨林里,土地上覆盖着厚厚一层堆积肥料的落叶。cabruca环境潮湿荫蔽,凉爽怡人。足球形状的豆荚――夹杂着黄、绿、橙和棕色的条纹――从可可树的树干和枝条上垂下来。
塔瓦热斯为保有和恢复他那一小块热带雨林而努力工作。在过去十年里,他种下了很多野生树木。
“我们意识到我们必须保持这种cabruca式种植,”塔瓦热斯说。“即使这种方法会让我的产量相对少些。”
由于可可树种在雨林里,土地上种植树木数量少了。但他避开了其他农民在更开阔的土地上种可可树会面临的弊端。
“你确实可以得到更大产量,但这也会带来很多问题。”塔瓦热斯解释道。“那样的种植会带来更多虫害,所以我们还是决定保护这些土地。”
环保型巧克力的市场也在不断扩大。因此,塔瓦热斯的部分可可豆可以卖出高额
溢价。
给农民碳信用奖励?
不过,他的朋友阿奈特教授承认,农民对用cabruca法种植可可的想法不大买账:农民们想用更多所谓的现代化耕种方法,用更快的速度获得金钱。这就是为什么阿奈特希望cabruca式种植能够成为碳信用额度市场的一部分――农民通过巧克力赚钱的同时,也可以通过保护雨林获得金钱回报。
“你可以(通过保护雨林)增加收入,所以我希望有朝一日,保护这片地区的人们可以得到一些碳信用额度(从而增加收入),”阿奈特说。
世界农林学中心和巧克力制造商玛氏有限公司正在研究如何在cabruca型农场测量碳储存水平,碳信用系统是否可以帮助农民增加收入,以及这是否也有助于保护环境。
巧克力救土地
不仅如此,人们还有更远大的目标。玛氏公司的首席农艺师霍华德・沙皮罗希望巧克力甚至可以挽救一小部分已经失去的雨林天堂――他正和巴西当地的国家巧克力研究所的科学家们进行研究测试。
在雨林消失以后,土壤变得坚硬致密,就像黄水泥一样,只有杂草能在上面生长。沙皮罗和他的同事向当地农民打听,从长远上看他们喜欢种什么作物,以及在等待土壤变肥沃直至支持可可树生长的期间,喜欢种什么植物。
“我们决定先种那些一年一熟的作物。”沙皮罗解释说。“农作物、豆类等具有经济价值的植物,还有甜瓜、南瓜等,我们开始种香蕉树来遮荫,然后着手种植可可树。”
他们还种了橡胶树和heliconium花。第一批植物是七年前种上去的。现在,你很容易就可以抓起一捧土壤。土壤色泽暗褐,湿润疏松,就像恶魔蛋糕――上面还有一些虫子。不过,这些虫子对于土壤很有好处。
“看到这棵树上的小花吗?”沙皮罗指着一棵可可树问,“所有小小的粉色花蕾……它很健康。这些树都很健康。”
在大家的悉心照料下,茵茵恢复得很快,她努力学习,使自己变得更强大.萱萱也认真练功,达到了前无古人后无来者的级别.于是,她们俩带上晶晶和灵灵,前往世界各地,降妖除魔,修身养心.当然,现在几乎没有谁能敌得过她们了.所以,只要她们俩走过的地方,怪物就在此地消声灭迹.不久,地面上的怪物就全部被打败了.她们就地休息了几天,又朝海洋进军.在一个风和日丽的日子,她俩让晶晶和灵灵留下看家,自己潜到海底去打怪物了.
海底世界可真美啊!五彩缤纷的珊瑚和海草,还有奇形怪状的海洋生物,哪儿都显露出勃勃生机和无穷的神秘.她们一边游一边观赏美景.忽然,一道金色的光芒从她们眼前闪过.是海底龙珠!海底龙珠是海底至宝,,谁能得到它,所有的海怪都会听命于她们俩,就是让它们全体自杀,它们也会去做.萱萱和茵茵立即向龙珠游进.一不小心,茵茵的手指被尖利的珊瑚割破了,血,鲜红鲜红的血从伤口流出,在阳光的反射下,变成了绿色的液体.海怪对血可是最敏感的啊!果然,她们身旁很快就聚集了一大群海怪.她们用尽了毕生所学,可还是未伤它们分毫.就在这危急关头,萱萱大叫一声.这时的她已经忘记了应该用什么魔法,这时的她已经把所有魔法和为一体.“哗”地一声,海面上狂风大作,所有海怪冲出水面,飞上云霄.萱萱和茵茵捧着海底水龙珠走了上来.她们尽管十分疲惫,但她们很高兴.
很快,她们就集齐了金木水火土五大龙珠,杀死了所有怪物.
他渐渐地适应了外星生命的语言。原来,刚才赛特对林发射的是一种记忆光线。里面浓缩了赛特的全版语言,只要通过途径进入了储存体,不管是什么样的载体,只要是能储存语言的体系,就可以接受这种记忆光线。就是这种记忆光线,使得林瞬间掌握了熟练的赛特语言,并且流利地说了出来,很快,便和赛特人交流了起来。林发现他们并没有恶意,但是还是抱有警戒心,只不过很快便是放松了下来,因为赛特发现,人类的科技远远不及它们。光是这种最低级的记忆光线都发明不出来的科技水平,能高到哪里去呢?
“你好,我们是来自太阳星系的地球。由于地球发生了世界末日性的灾难,导致了全人类只能乘坐这艘‘明日’号逃离。却不想被一种神秘的物质形成的黑洞吸了进去,等到醒来时就发现来到了这里。奇怪的是,全飞船就我一个人醒了过来,而不是全人类都醒。”林说着一口连自己也不认识的语言,只是把自己内心想的说出来,就成了赛特语言了,就在刚才记忆光线进入林的大脑时,就已经篡改了神经发言系统,使得林既可以听懂赛特人的语言,同时自己又可以说一口流利的赛特语。
对方,那巨大的控制体屏幕上显现出惊奇的表情,林发现自己竟然能够看懂它们的表情了。“它们真的是从黑洞中来的!和我们的祖先一样!”其中一个赛特人说道。口气有些激动。“恩,问题是就你一个人醒了过来,其它人都没有醒,是么?”为首的赛特人说道。“是的,到现在我也搞不清楚为什么就我一个醒了过来。”
经过一番交涉。赛特人陷入了沉思之中。随机,为首的人吩咐旁边的人说:“把随船带来的赛特历史集拿来。”“是!0005!”“0005”是赛特人独有的代号。如果是个位数的话,代表着这个人拥有着统领级的身份。而十位数象征着长官级,百位数象征着士兵,而千位数,也就是最后一位,象征着平民。这里的“0005”就是赛特上两大工会的其中一个工会的首领之一,它们的工会名字叫做“太新工会。”